rothko

evans-rothko

<div class="at-above-post-homepage addthis_tool" data-url="https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/essays/wounds-time-need-rothko-ever/"></div>&#8220;You think my paintings are calm, like windows in some cathedral? You should look again. I&#8217;m the most violent of all the American painters. Behind those colors there hides the final cataclysm.&#8221; — Mark Rothko
 As a critical theorist who works on aesthetics and who believes that the political is an art form, I am continually haunted by the relationship between violence and images. Is there anything left to say about this relationship, when the triumph of the spectacle seemingly denies any sustained reflection? While the figurative remained a dominant standard for representation until the post-war period, the nihilism of the times brought the very figure of the human as an aesthetic form into question. Humanity had to confront the violence of its own humanism. As Barnett Newman noted, “After the monstrosity of the war, what do we do? What is there to paint? We have to start all over again.” The emergence of abstract expressionism became synonymous with those artists who were so disillusioned by the violence of the human condition, consecrated and mobilized by aesthetic ideas of its perfectibility, they turned away from the figurative to ask still unanswered questions about what it means to be human. While disavowing any formal association with any movement, no artists better captured the early power of this aesthetic turn than Mark Rothko, whose immersive mindscapes are less about the Dante inspired journey into the flesh of the earth, than opening up wounds in time.
Rothko’s life (as is well documented) was full of personal tragedy, culminating in his suicide in 1970. It is perhaps no coincidence he was notably inspired by the great tragic dramatists, from Aeschylus after whom a number of his paintings are named, onto Shakespeare and Nietzsche. In an essay titled “Whenever one begins to speculate,” Rothko draws attention to the importance of Nietzsche and his The Birth of Tragedy. As he explained, “It left an indelible impression on my mind and has forever coloured the syntax of my own reflections in questions of the art. And if it be asked why an essay which deals with Greek tragedy should play such a large part in a painter’s life, I can only say that the basic concerns for life are no different from the artist, for the poet, or the musician.” Such concerns for Rothko were the complete opposite of being “academic” and studiously painting whatever with technical mastery: “It is a widely accepted notion among painters that it does not matter what one paints as long as it is well painted. This is the essence of academism. There is no such thing as good painting about nothing. We assert that only that subject matter is valid which is tragic and timeless.”
During a recent visit to the TATE modern, I spent most of the occasion in the Rothko room in the privileged company of an abstract artist. Featuring a series of nine large murals, the viewer is reminded by the curatorial instruction of the artists intention who attempted to do what Michelangelo managed at the Laurentian Library in Florence, which for the Rothko “achieved just the kind of feeling I’m after — he makes the viewers feel that they are trapped in a room where all the doors and windows are bricked up, so that all they can do is butt their heads forever against the wall.” One of the lesser populated rooms at the time (Rothko in fact shows the real limits and failures of the modern gallery, horded with tourists passing each exhibit, looking without seeing, having to get through to witness everything with no time to reflect), the dimly lit space, which hosts these large and yet very intimate portraits, creates an immersive experience full of tragedy, terror, violence and yet optimism. Confronted by these large blocks of red, black and maroon colours, in the tranquillity of this setting, slowly you are unsure whether you are entering into the scene or whether the canvas is surrounding you as the active witness or unassuming accomplice to their drama. Being open to this immersive experience, the obscurities of his multiple layers begin to appear and envelope, though not as paint applied onto canvas, but rather as if the colours themselves are emerging from behind the frame. Rothko manages to give depth and perspective, while turning these flat and fixed installations into something truly dynamic in all their tensions. Rothko in fact not only takes us on a journey into the intimate depths of the psychic life of power, he allows you to glimpse at the void as you enter into a different relationship that is lost between space and time.
The brilliance of Rothko is to show how the abstract is not “outer-worldly.” On the contrary it is to take a journey into the intimate depths of human existence. Art was, as he indicated, “an adventure into an unknown world, which can be explored only by those willing to take the risk.” This has always been the fundamental mistake those who critique the abstract in thought also continue to make in their assumptions. Of course, to ask questions regarding the emotional and sensorial qualities of humanity does require alternative conceptual insight and the formation of new grammatical interventions. The scientist armed with their surgical tools is fully capable of dissecting a body, telling you how it functions, but never truly how it feels. And we can often remember how the feeling strikes us, much more than technical procedure, which is really irrelevant to our lived and shared experience. Thus as Rothko shows, to say the abstract is esoteric is born of the greatest ignorance, set in place by all too reductive regimes of truth. Rothko paints a battlefield of the soul, where the intimate is expelled for all to see, where the beauty and pain are revealed as part of all that we are emotionally, politically and philosophically, and where the greater task we confront is to face the obscure beasts that dwell within all our bodies. As the artist himself explained: “it was not that the figure had been removed… but the symbols for the figure. These new shapes say… what the figures said.”
Rothko asks how the eyes perceive, in the radiating darkness of color, the unknown depths of the void. While from a distance, the portraits simply look like linear boxes neatly mapped out, upon closer inspection they appear more like indeterminable gates whose lines are far from limiting or fixed into place. You can imagine their points of entry disappearing at any given moment. The lines Rothko paints flow through the time of the composition. He knows the shadows of emptiness, the temporality of the exhausting gradient to possible nothingness. That the black may swallow up the red any moment, this is the impression; and yet nothing is determined, for in changing depths of the emotional field, filled with unknowable possibility, everything returns. Rothko paints the passion of wound. His canvases bear witness to the scar that is never healed, like the future life of a ghost witnessing its own demise, but yet to be destroyed. He knows the layers, the depths of pain, and the blood that seeps out despite the attempt to mask the violence. Rothko paints the history of humanity, its passion and pain, the slow unfolding of time, life broken apart through the continuous movements of its devastating contradictions. He demands intensive reflection, to have the time to feel every emotion, to short circuit the immediacy of sensation, to be able to feel anew beyond the frustrations of representational schematics and the demands for immediate communication and truth. These portraits are far from static; they are a whirlwind in time, which in the slowness of witnessing the slow re and de composition of color intensifies everything. Rothko is burning. And his flames light a passage into the void for all to enter.
The layering of Rothko’s compositions is truly astounding, and terrifying as a result. What he effectively achieves is to bring light to the disappeared pigmentations of existence. Of course, Rothko’s work is haunted by a silence. There is no other way to engage with their presence. And what lies beneath does threaten to vanish at any given moment as time passes over their almost invisible semblances. Though it’s sometimes difficult to tell if something is emerging or fading away. It’s all a matter of perception. And it is a question of bringing things into light. Still what remains is precisely everything. The layers of history appear in the faintest of defiant specks. There is no nihilistic triumph or victory march into the realm of pure denial. Unlike Goya, Rothko doesn&#8217;t surrender or willingly give over to the violence the power of his colours. What is abstract defeats the abstention! And yet still there is no lasting comfort, for the terror of Rothko behind the open terrors of the wound is to confront the simplicity of disappearance as it appears in all its visible manifestations. Yet while nothing is certain, such simplicity on the part of the artist should not be confused for the mediocre. It takes a sophisticated mastery to achieve a visual idea that looking at what remains possible can confronts the notion that things can simply vanish. That history overlays and seeps out, reveals as much as it denies. Such can only be achieved with attention to the historic process.
Rothko shows how the artist is not merely someone who documents history. His work is a form of transgressive witnessing, in which the viewer is accompanied into the void of humanity by the obscure presence of many other poets from history. Nietzsche seemed to fear the abyss insomuch as it was a journey one undertook in solitude and from which one could return truly scarred by the most monstrous disfigurements. Unlike Dante, it is true that Rothko’s gates require you to enter alone. Virgil is not there to hold your hand. The passage into the non-place demands the intensity of solitary reflection. But in the absence of the figurative, the solitude quickly evaporates as this opening or wound in time allows you to both connect with the intimacy of a shared existence and feel the force of those colours, which paint the imagination. But again, unlike Dante, the return doesn&#8217;t guarantee paradise. As I left the room I returned back into the adjacent space, which housed Claude Monet’s “Water lilies.” I couldn&#8217;t help but feel this was the most violent image I had ever seen — or that every image has the potential to be truly violent if we give to it a certain narrative and eviscerate the human.
 So what can we take from Rothko in terms of rethinking the ongoing struggle against the forces of nihilism? The artist asks, as I chose to hear, two very clear questions: What does it mean to disappear a body, a memory or an idea? And why is art so important in affirming our humanity is response to the real force that threatens our existence – the nihilism of the void? Disappearance as Rothko shows is precisely the evisceration of the creative act. It is the denial of a life and a surrendering to violence such that what really disappears is the idea and vision that the world can be different. While it is tempting to see humanity here as a universal subject, total in its unity, which emerges from the realization it is some endangered form, Rothko reminds us that the opposite is true. Humanity lives and breathes through its creative expressions. It outlives the suffocations and forced disappearances, which can either occur through forced complicity or outright annihilation.
Rothko thus provides us with the aesthetic opening through which the world’s beauty and pain can be rethought. His work is the lightning storm that may just be capable of destroying those alters of sacrifice, if only we are truly able to resurrect what remains yet to be discovered about the abstract in thought. Rothko’s call as we might chose to listen is for a timeless poetic reverie — an all too human connection to the ineffable, which recognizing the violence and confronting the intolerable at least asks whether a different order for thinking the meaning of existence is possible. This demands a rethinking of the political imagination and its images of thought. Art as Rothko shows, has an eternal future in the affirmation of its expression. When you give yourself the task of painting with whatever grammatical tools the pain of humanity, he reminds us that you are tracing invisible wounds. Not that the canvas is you as a pure reflection of the world or that you are the canvas like some authentic representational piece in the human jigsaw. There is no canvas as such, only a marking on a surface revealing the wounds of time.
Rothko shows us what was invisible now appears in the lines and movements, the depth of colour not merely representative, but a deep field of sensation which opens onto the abyss of despair. This forces us to give over to an uncomfortable concession. We need to recognize that the violence is also immersive, for it allows no separation between its past and future. But this is not to be defeated. Neither is it to confront violence with a purer “non-violent violence” of whatever critical persuasion. Such orientations are after-all merely a resurrection of the sacrificial by another more considered name. It demands instead a willingness to confront the intolerable depths of human suffering to steer history in a different direction. This cannot be achieved in denial or through absolution. The pain of humanity needs to be felt. This is why the transgressive witness must take that leap into the void. There is no alternative. But what does it mean to truly feel the beauty and pain of all the worlds obscure beasts? How do we even begin to try and find tenderness in its savagery, while being alert to the brutalities of devastating angelic disfigurements? What is the angelic and the bestial — of heaven and hell — are after all of this life, this world. Obscured yet all too real, their ghostly presence fills the void, shape shifting yet appearing with uncertain clarity, from a time within time. But still the unsettling questions continue to appear: Does anybody really have the courage to go there? Who dares to venture into this non-place? And how might we return anew, without being defeated by the pessimism of what is witnessed and confronting there and after? We know that very few send back postcards from the void. It is more than uncertain. It is the unknown unknowns.
The politics of pessimism and the dialecticians of history are merely complicit here in the unfolding drama of a history that remains wedded to the sacrificial model. When Nietzsche says that we need art to prevent us from dying from the truth, he can be seen to be placing art in direct conflict with hope. It’s not that hope is too idealistic. Rather hope is all too pessimistic. It only finds reasons in the yet to come, forgetting the poetics of past and present. Art as Rothko testifies is the counter to such hope. It offers us a resistance in the present, drawing its energies from the past, while instigating an affirmative movement from the abstract to the real, which in the very act of creation positions itself against the pessimism of the defeated. Art thus reveals the tragedy of hope. Hope as a false promise, guided by visions of water lilies and gardens of Eden. It is the actualization of the affirmative conditions of reality that short-circuits the reductiveness of idealism, the living towards a possible future that never was except for now in its actualization. But we shouldn&#8217;t idealize ourselves here. Art can undoubtedly speak to the pessimism of humanity. It can also appear enslaved and defeated, as the motor of a history that merely objectifies and consumes the realms of all appearance. And yet even the most pessimistic of artists (worthy of the naming) evokes the pessimistic in the denial of any image of a future, which is foreclosed for all eternity. Its message continues to outlive the investiture of human denials. Art then is not the fire. It’s the air that gives rise to the dancing flame defiantly raging in the wind — the unknowable force that dissolves pessimism as it is mobilized towards the effacement of the image, towards the image yet to come in all its poetic and brutally honest abstract realism. Or to put it another way, what would it mean to do justice to thoughts, words and actions in the same way that Rothko does justice to the intimate aesthetic field of human sensations?
<h6>Header image: Mark Rothko, Four Darks in Red, 1958. </h6>
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Wounds in Time: Why We Need Rothko More Than Ever

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<div class="at-above-post-homepage addthis_tool" data-url="https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/essays/remembering-43/"></div>It’s been nearly three years since the fateful attacks upon college students in Iguala, Guerrero state, Mexico. Following a coordinated assault by unidentified gunmen upon five coaches, the violence left six dead, 40 wounded, and 43 forcibly disappeared. Their whereabouts still remains unknown; though with the each passing day and the continual finding of mass graves in the region, most inevitably fear the worse for the innocent young men from Raul Isidro Burgos Rural College in Ayotzinapa, Guerrero. So as mothers, fathers, brothers, sisters, friends, loved ones continue to live in a cruel limbo of hope and despair, it is important we remember the “43” and in the fight for justice and all too human dignity ask searching questions in their names. <a href="https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/essays/remembering-43/#more-5098" class="more-link">Read more</a>
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Remembering the 43

alice

<div class="at-above-post-homepage addthis_tool" data-url="https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/essays/read-alice-in-wonderland-right-now/"></div>It really is difficult trying to come to terms with atrocious events like the one recently witnessed in Manchester. This is especially the case when it involves young innocent children. Words often fail us in such times. I still feel saddened, angry, and outraged. But most of all I feel exhausted. <a href="https://blog.lareviewofbooks.org/essays/read-alice-in-wonderland-right-now/#more-4263" class="more-link">Read more</a>
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Why We Should All Read Alice in Wonderland Right Now

Why We Should All Read Alice in Wonderland Right Now

Brad Evans is a political philosopher, critical theorist, and writer, who specializes on the problem of violence. He is author of over 17 books and edited volumes, including most recently&nbsp;Ecce Humanitas: Beholding the Pain of Humanity&nbsp;(2021) and&nbsp;Conversations on Violence: An Anthology&nbsp;(with Adrian Parr, 2021). He leads the&nbsp;Los Angeles Review of Books&nbsp;“Histories of Violence” section.

Brad Evans

Histories of Violence: The Crisis of Liberalism

Histories of Violence

Histories of Violence: Mob Violence

The Comedy Divine

"You always admire what you really don't understand."
— Blaise Pascal

Religion

Adriana Cavarero is professor of Political Philosophy at the&nbsp;Università degli studi di Verona, Italy.

Adriana Cavarero

Akeel Bilgrami&nbsp;is Sidney Morgenbesser Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University, New York.

Akeel Bilgrami

Ayça Çubukçu&nbsp;is associate professor in Human Rights and co-director of LSE Human Rights at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

Ayça Çubukçu

<h4>Bruce Robbins is Old Dominion Foundation Professor of the Humanities in the department of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University. His books include Perpetual War: Cosmopolitanism from the Viewpoint of Violence (2012), Upward Mobility and the Common Good (2007), Feeling Global: Internationalism in Distress (1999), and The Servant's Hand: English Fiction from Below (1986). His essays have appeared in n+1, The Nation, Public Books, and the London Review of Books. He is also the director of a documentary, Some of My Best Friends Are Zionists, available at <a href="http://bestfriendsfilm.com/">bestfriendsfilm.com</a>.</h4>

Bruce Robbins

Carol Becker&nbsp;is dean of Faculty and professor of the Arts at&nbsp;Columbia&nbsp;University School of the Arts, New York.

Carol Becker

David Theo Goldberg is Director of the systemwide University of California Humanities Research Institute and Distinguished Professor of Comparative Literature and Anthropology at UC Irvine. His most recent book is Are We All Postracial Yet? (2015). He is currently at work on a book on Dread: The Politics of Our Time (2021).

David Theo Goldberg

Elisabeth Anker&nbsp;is associate professor of American Studies and Political Science at the&nbsp;George Washington University.

Elisabeth Anker

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is University Professor, and a founding member of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society at Columbia University, New York.

Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

<h4>Gil Anidjar is a professor in the Departments of Religion and Middle Eastern, South Asian, and African Studies (MESAAS) at Columbia University. His most recent book is Blood: A Critique of Christianity (2014).</h4>

Gil Anidjar

Henry Armand Giroux currently holds the McMaster University Chair for Scholarship in the Public Interest at McMaster University. He is the author of over 50 books, most recently including Terror of the Unforeseen and American Nightmare: Facing the Challenge of Fascism.

Henry A. Giroux

Iakovos “Jake” (b. 1966) Chapman is a British-born printmaker, painter, and sculptor. He and his brother Konstantinos “Dinos” (b. 1962) are known as the Chapman Brothers. In their provocative work, they often reappropriate familiar work by past artists, ranging from Goya to Hitler.

Jake Chapman

Lilie Chouliaraki&nbsp;is chair in Media and Communications in the Department of Media and Communications at the London School of Economics, UK.

Lilie Chouliaraki

Mark Juergensmeyer&nbsp;is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Global Studies, Sociology, and affiliate of Religious Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Mark Juergensmeyer

Martha Rosler works in video, photography, text, installation, and performance. Her work focuses on the public sphere, exploring issues from everyday life and the media to architecture and the built environment, especially as they affect women. A retrospective of her work has been shown internationally, and her writing is published widely in publications such as Artforum,&nbsp;e-flux journal,&nbsp;and Texte zur Kunst.

Martha Rosler

Michael J.&nbsp;Shapiro&nbsp;is a professor of Political Science at the University of Hawaiʻi, Manoa.

Michael J. Shapiro

R. A. Judy&nbsp;is professor of Critical and Cultural Studies at the University of Pittsburgh.

R. A. Judy

Richard&nbsp;J.&nbsp;Bernstein&nbsp;is Vera List Professor of Philosophy in the Philosophy Department at the&nbsp;New School&nbsp;for Social Research, New York.

Richard J. Bernstein

Roland Bleiker is professor of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Political Theory at the University of Queensland, Australia.

Roland Bleiker

Samuel Moyn&nbsp;is Henry R. Luce Professor of Jurisprudence at Yale Law School and Professor of History at Yale University.

Samuel Moyn

Samuel Weber is the Avalon Foundation Professor of Humanities at Northwestern University, as well as Director of that University’s Paris Program in Critical Theory. Weber studied with Paul de Man and Theodor W. Adorno, whose book, Prisms, he co-translated into English. The translation of, and introduction to Theodor Adorno’s most important book of cultural criticism helped shape the reception of the Frankfurt School in the English-speaking world. Weber has also published books on Balzac, Lacan, and Freud, as well as on theatricality as medium and the relation of institutions and media to interpretation. His most recent book has been published in French under the title Inquiétantes singularités (Disquieting Singularities). His current research projects include “Toward a Politics of Singularity” and “Difference and Alterity in the Writings of Derrida.”

Samuel Weber

Simona Forti is professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Piemonte Orientale in Italy. She also teaches at the New School for Social Research in New York. She is the author of New Demons: Rethinking Power and Evil Today (2014).

Simona Forti

Susanna Siegel&nbsp;is the Edgar Pierce Professor of Philosophy at&nbsp;Harvard&nbsp;University.

Susanna Siegel

Tarak Barkawi is professor of International Relations at the London School of Economics, UK.

Tarak Barkawi

Todd May is Class of 1941 Memorial Professor of the Humanities at Clemson University. He is the author of many books, including A Decent Life (2019), A Fragile Life (2017), A Significant Life (2015), and Non-Violent Resistance (2015).

Todd May

Vincent Brown&nbsp;is Charles Warren Professor of American History and Professor of African and African American Studies at Harvard University.

Vincent Brown

William&nbsp;E.&nbsp;Connolly is Krieger-Eisenhower Professor in the political science department at the John Hopkins University.

William E. Connolly

When the Towers Fell

"Never be afraid to sit awhile and think." — Lorraine Hansberry

Philosophy &amp; Critical Theory

Histories of Violence: When Freedom Turns Ugly

Histories of Violence: Dreaming of Imperial Violence

Histories of Violence: Apocalypse Now

Histories of Violence: Violence, Power, and Privilege

Histories of Violence: On Suffering

Histories of Violence: Look Closer at the World, There You Will See

"For a long time now I haven't been I."
— Fernando Pessoa, The Book of Disquiet

Around the World

"Art is making something out of nothing and selling it." — Frank Zappa

Art &amp; Architecture

Histories of Violence: The Revolutionary Potential of Pacifism

Histories of Violence: The Atmosphere of Violence

"Fiction is obliged to stick to possibilities. Truth isn't." — Mark Twain

Fiction

Brad Evans is a political philosopher, critical theorist, and writer, who specializes on the problem of violence. He is author of over 17 books and edited volumes, including most recently&nbsp;Ecce Humanitas: Beholding the Pain of Humanity&nbsp;(2021) and&nbsp;Conversations on Violence: An Anthology&nbsp;(with Adrian Parr, 2021). He leads the&nbsp;Los Angeles Review of Books&nbsp;“Histories of Violence” section.